Oncologists are turning to a novel form of therapy to combat cancer: retraining or reengineering the immune system to quash tumor growth. In this seminar, hear from Harvard Medical School scientists and clinicians on the latest approaches that use the body’s own defenses to fight cancer.

Speakers:
– Arlene Sharpe, MD, PhD
– Catherine J. Wu, MD
– Jerome Ritz, MD
– David F. McDermott, MD

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Website: https://hms.harvard.edu/

Paul Andersen explains how your body protects itself from invading viruses and bacteria. He starts by describing the nonspecific immune responses of skin and inflammation. He then explains how we use antibodies to disrupt the function of antigens and mark them for destruction. He then explains both the homoral and cell-mediated immune response highlighting the importance of B and T lymphocytes. He finally describes the process of long term immunity.

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A new discovery by Professor Greg Lemke and the team at the Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory at The Salk Institute sheds light on the differences between TAM receptors and their important roles in treatments for disease.

Read more about the research: http://www.salk.edu/news/pressrelease_details.php?press_id=2049
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If you have any questions, please contact a member of the kidney transplant team at St. Michael’s Hospital. Our phone number is 416-867-3665. You can also find more information at our website www.stmichaelshospital.com/transplant.
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Dendritic cells are derived from hematopoietic bone marrow progenitor cells. These progenitor cells initially transform into immature dendritic cells. These cells are characterized by high endocytic activity and low T-cell activation potential. Immature dendritic cells constantly sample the surrounding environment for pathogens such as viruses and bacteria. This is done through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) such as the toll-like receptors (TLRs). TLRs recognize specific chemical signatures found on subsets of pathogens. Immature dendritic cells may also phagocytize small quantities of membrane from live own cells, in a process called nibbling. Once they have come into contact with a presentable antigen, they become activated into mature dendritic cells and begin to migrate to the lymph node. Immature dendritic cells phagocytose pathogens and degrade their proteins into small pieces and upon maturation present those fragments at their cell surface using MHC molecules. Simultaneously, they upregulate cell-surface receptors that act as co-receptors in T-cell activation such as CD80 (B7.1), CD86 (B7.2), and CD40 greatly enhancing their ability to activate T-cells. They also upregulate CCR7, a chemotactic receptor that induces the dendritic cell to travel through the blood stream to the spleen or through the lymphatic system to a lymph node. Here they act as antigen-presenting cells: they activate helper T-cells and killer T-cells as well as B-cells by presenting them with antigens derived from the pathogen, alongside non-antigen specific costimulatory signals. Dendritic cells can also induce T-cell tolerance (unresponsiveness). Certain C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) on the surface of dendritic cells, some functioning as PRRs, help instruct dendritic cells as to when it is appropriate to induce immune tolerance rather than lymphocyte activation.[12]

Every helper T-cell is specific to one particular antigen. Only professional antigen-presenting cells (macrophages, B lymphocytes, and dendritic cells) are able to activate a resting helper T-cell when the matching antigen is presented. However, macrophages and B cells can only activate memory T cells[citation needed] whereas dendritic cells can activate both memory and naive T cells, and are the most potent of all the antigen-presenting cells. Whereas mature dendritic cells are able to activate antigen-specific naive CD8+ T cells, the formation of CD8+ memory T cells requires the interaction of dendritic cells with CD4+ helper T cells.[13] This help from CD4+ T cells additionally activates the matured dendritic cells and licenses them to efficiently induce CD8+ memory T cells, which are also able to be expanded a second time. [14][15] For this activation of dendritic cells, concurrent interaction of all three cell types, namely CD4+ T helper cells, CD8+ T cells and dendritic cells, seems to be required. [16]

As mentioned above, mDC probably arise from monocytes, white blood cells which circulate in the body and, depending on the right signal, can turn into either dendritic cells or macrophages. The monocytes in turn are formed from stem cells in the bone marrow. Monocyte-derived dendritic cells can be generated in vitro from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Plating of PBMCs in a tissue culture flask permits adherence of monocytes. Treatment of these monocytes with interleukin 4 (IL-4) and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) leads to differentiation to immature dendritic cells (iDCs) in about a week. Subsequent treatment with tumor necrosis factor (TNF) further differentiates the iDCs into mature dendritic cells.Monocytes can be induced to differentiate into dendritic cells by a self-peptide Ep1.B derived from apolipoprotein E.[17] These are primarily tolerogenic plasmacytoid dendritic cells.[18]

Life span of dendritic cells
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In the penultimate episode of Crash Course Anatomy & Physiology, Hank explains your adaptive immune system. The adaptive immune system’s humoral response guards extracellular terrain against pathogens. Hank also explains B cells, antibodies, and how vaccines work.

Crash Course A&P Poster: http://store.dftba.com/products/crashcourse-anatomy-and-physiology-poster

Table of Contents
Adaptive Immune System’s Humoral Response 1:19
How B Cells Mature, Identify Antigens, and Make Antibodies 2:42
How Antibodies Warm Pathogens and Mark Them for Death 5:22
Active and Passive Humoral Immunity 6:03
How Vaccines Work 6:27

***

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http://www.handwrittentutorials.com – This tutorial looks at the differentiation of the cells of the immune system. Beginning with the stem cell, the tutorials maps the differentiation of the cells to their functional state. For more entirely FREE tutorials and accompanying PDFs visit http://www.handwrittentutorials.com

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On June 16, 2015, Jeffrey S. Weber, M.D., Ph.D., discussed the cancer immunity cycle and the importance of antigen release and presentation to maximize the potential of immunotherapies.

Jeffrey S. Weber, M.D., Ph.D., is a senior member, director of the Donald A. Adam Comprehensive Melanoma Research Center of Excellence (MRCoE), and professor in the department of oncologic sciences at Moffitt Cancer Center. As a tumor immunologist and immunotherapist, he focuses on translational clinical trials, including the development of novel trials in melanoma. His laboratory interests are in the monitoring and characterization of T cell responses in patients with cancer, and the establishment of in vitro models to facilitate the understanding of how immune modulation via abrogating and activating antibodies amplifies adaptive immunity in patients. Dr. Weber earned his Ph.D. in molecular cell biology from The Rockefeller University in 1979 and his M.D. from New York University Medical Center in 1980. Dr. Weber has published more than 100 articles in the top peer-reviewed journals in his field.

This webinar, which is part of the Cancer Research Institute’s Breakthroughs in Cancer Immunotherapy Webinar Series, was generously supported by Amgen. It is offered free to the public and feature informative updates from leaders in cancer immunotherapy, followed by a moderated Q&A. For more information on this webinar, or to register for upcoming webinars, please visit www.cancerresearch.org/webinars.
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‘Fighting Infection by Clonal Selection’ was created to commemorate the 50th anniversary of Burnet’s Clonal Selection Theory. The animation shows how clonal selection works during a bacterial infection of the throat. Frank Macfarlane Burnet was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1960 and is widely acknowledged as the founder of modern immunology.

View more biomedical animations at http://www.wehi.edu.au/wehi-tv
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Immunotherapy, an entirely new approach the employs the power of one’s own immune system, has shown to be effective in treating cancers that were fatal just five to 10 years ago. Stephen Schoenberger, PhD, co-director of the La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, discusses how tumors develop and how immunotherapy can help at a UC San Diego Health education event on Aug. 20, 2016.

For more information on cancer immunotherapy at Moores Cancer Center at UC San Diego Health, see http://health.ucsd.edu/immunotherapy
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Immunotherapy uses the body’s immune system to fight cancer. This animation explains three types of immunotherapy used to treat cancer: nonspecific immune stimulation, T-cell transfer therapy, and immune checkpoint inhibitors.

http://www.cancer.gov/immunotherapy
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This video describes the Immune System and explains how it detects and attacks any foreign organism that enters the body.

We learn how the team in the MRC Centre for Transplantation at King’s College London have developed a way to harness the power of the Immune System after a transplant, whilst maintaining the body’s capacity to resist infectious diseases.

Produced by Figment Productions.

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http://www.handwrittentutorials.com – This video gives a great overview of the cells and functions of the immune system in response to a pathogen. Both the innate and adaptive immune system are explored. This video is a good starting point for the other Handwritten Tutorials Immunology videos. For more entirely FREE tutorials and accompanying PDFs visit http://www.handwrittentutorials.com

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