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Healing by primary intention
A wound will heal by primary intention if the edges of the wound can be approximated together. Some form of wound closure is normally employed to keep the wound edges closed. Common ways of achieving closure and stability of the wound edges include adhesive strips, sutures or super glue.
Advantages of healing by primary intention
Approximation and stabilisation will allow the edges of a wound to heal directly into each other. In primary healing the process is fairly rapid, normally wound edges will be closed with sufficient tensile strength to remove the sutures after 7-10 days. However, it takes much longer than this to restore full strength to the wound, even after 2 weeks the wound only has 20% of full strength. If the edges of a wound are closed, the surface area of the wound is reduced. This means that there will be a minimal amount of scar tissue formed, giving good cosmetic and functional results. As the wound is closed, there is less opportunity for secondary colonisation or infection to enter the wound from outside sources of microbiological contamination.
Potential problems with primary intention
Because the wound edges are closed, there is the possibility that foreign material or bacteria may be enclosed within the wound. This will allow any bacteria present to multiply and lead to wound infection with possible abscess formation. Also the presence of foreign material can lead to future complications such as pain and damage to tissues. If foreign material can be removed before closure, this particular complication may be prevented; this is one reason why wound exploration is so vital. If the wound is likely to be contaminated with bacteria from the implement which made the wound, then again it is unwise to close the wound, unless the practitioner feels they are able to adequately wash away the contamination with irrigation or other wound cleaning procedures. When primary healing is not possible, or is not advisable, healing by secondary intention will be used.
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Learn about the anatomy of the major muscle groups in the human body with this fun educational music video for children and parents. Brought to you by Kids Learning Tube. Don’t forget to sing along.

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Lyrics:

I am a Myocyte
Your muscles are made up of me
Here are some of the 650 muscles
in the human body

We’ll start with your Deltoids
That sit on the shoulders of your arms
There are three parts of your deltoid
that I’ll teach you with some charm
The Anterior fibers
are on the front side of you
While the Lateral fibers
sit on the top of the shoulders that’s two
The 3rd part’s called
That sits on your back
All three make up your Deltoid muscle
Now how about that
The next Muscle we’ll look at
Are the Pectorals on your chest
There are two parts to this muscle
That I hope you never rest
There’s the Pectoral Minor
Which is connected to your ribs
Then the Pectoral Major
It makes your chest look really big
On the upper arm is your Bicep
They help you lift heavy things
The Biceps Brachii (Long Head)
Sits on the outside while I sing
While the Bicep Brachii (Short Head)
Lets you lift things with no harm
We’ll take a look at the Triceps
On the back side of your arm
There’s the Lateral, Long and Medial Head
Which make up the three
parts that conclude the Triceps
very complex anatomy

I am a Myocyte
Your muscles are made up of me
Here are some of the 650 muscles
in the human body

Let’s look at the Abdominals
That sit on your tummy
This is a pair of 4 muscles
When flexed are very bumpy
Hey, there’s the Obliques
They keep your sides really strong
There is the Internal Oblique Muscle
That supports your abdomen
The External Oblique Muscle
Helps with your side bend
Let’s look at your Gluteus Maximus
on your rear end
It’s the largest muscle in your body
This is true my friend
It keeps you standing upright
And it helps you to ascend
The Quadriceps are located
on the front side of your thigh
There are four muscles
that make up the quads that you do rely on
The Rectus Femoris
is the first muscle in line
While the Vastus Lateralis
Sits to the far outside
Vastus Intermedius
Sits under the Rectus
And Vastus Medialis
makes the fourth in your Quadriceps

I am a Myocyte
Your muscles are made up of me
Here are some of the 650 muscles
in the human body

Now let’s focus on the Hamstrings
There are three muscles we’ll see
Biceps Femoris muscle
Is on the outside of the three
The Semitendinosus
Makes up the middle part
While the Semimembranosus
is the inner on the chart
The Gastrocnemius
It’s also known as the calf
Is made of the
Lateral and Medial heads
two half’s
So Take care of your muscles
because they’re all made up of me
I am microscopic but when grouped
I am really strong you see

I am a Myocyte
Your muscles are made up of me
Here are some of the 650 muscles
in the human body

Paul Andersen explains the three types of muscle found in humans; striated, smooth and cardiac muscle. He explains how actin and myosin interact to contract the sarcomere in a muscle. The sliding filament theory explains how ATP and calcium are used to contract the z disks.

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Oncologists are turning to a novel form of therapy to combat cancer: retraining or reengineering the immune system to quash tumor growth. In this seminar, hear from Harvard Medical School scientists and clinicians on the latest approaches that use the body’s own defenses to fight cancer.

Speakers:
– Arlene Sharpe, MD, PhD
– Catherine J. Wu, MD
– Jerome Ritz, MD
– David F. McDermott, MD

Like Harvard Medical School on Facebook: https://goo.gl/4dwXyZ
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Website: https://hms.harvard.edu/

Paul Andersen explains how your body protects itself from invading viruses and bacteria. He starts by describing the nonspecific immune responses of skin and inflammation. He then explains how we use antibodies to disrupt the function of antigens and mark them for destruction. He then explains both the homoral and cell-mediated immune response highlighting the importance of B and T lymphocytes. He finally describes the process of long term immunity.

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Subscribe to Dr. Oz’s official YouTube channel: https://bit.ly/1QhiDuv
Like Dr. Oz on Facebook: https://bit.ly/2imT12a
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A new discovery by Professor Greg Lemke and the team at the Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory at The Salk Institute sheds light on the differences between TAM receptors and their important roles in treatments for disease.

Read more about the research: http://www.salk.edu/news/pressrelease_details.php?press_id=2049
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If you have any questions, please contact a member of the kidney transplant team at St. Michael’s Hospital. Our phone number is 416-867-3665. You can also find more information at our website www.stmichaelshospital.com/transplant.
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Dendritic cells are derived from hematopoietic bone marrow progenitor cells. These progenitor cells initially transform into immature dendritic cells. These cells are characterized by high endocytic activity and low T-cell activation potential. Immature dendritic cells constantly sample the surrounding environment for pathogens such as viruses and bacteria. This is done through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) such as the toll-like receptors (TLRs). TLRs recognize specific chemical signatures found on subsets of pathogens. Immature dendritic cells may also phagocytize small quantities of membrane from live own cells, in a process called nibbling. Once they have come into contact with a presentable antigen, they become activated into mature dendritic cells and begin to migrate to the lymph node. Immature dendritic cells phagocytose pathogens and degrade their proteins into small pieces and upon maturation present those fragments at their cell surface using MHC molecules. Simultaneously, they upregulate cell-surface receptors that act as co-receptors in T-cell activation such as CD80 (B7.1), CD86 (B7.2), and CD40 greatly enhancing their ability to activate T-cells. They also upregulate CCR7, a chemotactic receptor that induces the dendritic cell to travel through the blood stream to the spleen or through the lymphatic system to a lymph node. Here they act as antigen-presenting cells: they activate helper T-cells and killer T-cells as well as B-cells by presenting them with antigens derived from the pathogen, alongside non-antigen specific costimulatory signals. Dendritic cells can also induce T-cell tolerance (unresponsiveness). Certain C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) on the surface of dendritic cells, some functioning as PRRs, help instruct dendritic cells as to when it is appropriate to induce immune tolerance rather than lymphocyte activation.[12]

Every helper T-cell is specific to one particular antigen. Only professional antigen-presenting cells (macrophages, B lymphocytes, and dendritic cells) are able to activate a resting helper T-cell when the matching antigen is presented. However, macrophages and B cells can only activate memory T cells[citation needed] whereas dendritic cells can activate both memory and naive T cells, and are the most potent of all the antigen-presenting cells. Whereas mature dendritic cells are able to activate antigen-specific naive CD8+ T cells, the formation of CD8+ memory T cells requires the interaction of dendritic cells with CD4+ helper T cells.[13] This help from CD4+ T cells additionally activates the matured dendritic cells and licenses them to efficiently induce CD8+ memory T cells, which are also able to be expanded a second time. [14][15] For this activation of dendritic cells, concurrent interaction of all three cell types, namely CD4+ T helper cells, CD8+ T cells and dendritic cells, seems to be required. [16]

As mentioned above, mDC probably arise from monocytes, white blood cells which circulate in the body and, depending on the right signal, can turn into either dendritic cells or macrophages. The monocytes in turn are formed from stem cells in the bone marrow. Monocyte-derived dendritic cells can be generated in vitro from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Plating of PBMCs in a tissue culture flask permits adherence of monocytes. Treatment of these monocytes with interleukin 4 (IL-4) and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) leads to differentiation to immature dendritic cells (iDCs) in about a week. Subsequent treatment with tumor necrosis factor (TNF) further differentiates the iDCs into mature dendritic cells.Monocytes can be induced to differentiate into dendritic cells by a self-peptide Ep1.B derived from apolipoprotein E.[17] These are primarily tolerogenic plasmacytoid dendritic cells.[18]

Life span of dendritic cells
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In the penultimate episode of Crash Course Anatomy & Physiology, Hank explains your adaptive immune system. The adaptive immune system’s humoral response guards extracellular terrain against pathogens. Hank also explains B cells, antibodies, and how vaccines work.

Crash Course A&P Poster: http://store.dftba.com/products/crashcourse-anatomy-and-physiology-poster

Table of Contents
Adaptive Immune System’s Humoral Response 1:19
How B Cells Mature, Identify Antigens, and Make Antibodies 2:42
How Antibodies Warm Pathogens and Mark Them for Death 5:22
Active and Passive Humoral Immunity 6:03
How Vaccines Work 6:27

***

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Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:

Mark, Eric Kitchen, Jessica Wode, Jeffrey Thompson, Steve Marshall, Moritz Schmidt, Robert Kunz, Tim Curwick, Jason A Saslow, SR Foxley, Elliot Beter, Jacob Ash, Christian, Jan Schmid, Jirat, Christy Huddleston, Daniel Baulig, Chris Peters, Anna-Ester Volozh, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks

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http://www.handwrittentutorials.com – This tutorial looks at the differentiation of the cells of the immune system. Beginning with the stem cell, the tutorials maps the differentiation of the cells to their functional state. For more entirely FREE tutorials and accompanying PDFs visit http://www.handwrittentutorials.com

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On June 16, 2015, Jeffrey S. Weber, M.D., Ph.D., discussed the cancer immunity cycle and the importance of antigen release and presentation to maximize the potential of immunotherapies.

Jeffrey S. Weber, M.D., Ph.D., is a senior member, director of the Donald A. Adam Comprehensive Melanoma Research Center of Excellence (MRCoE), and professor in the department of oncologic sciences at Moffitt Cancer Center. As a tumor immunologist and immunotherapist, he focuses on translational clinical trials, including the development of novel trials in melanoma. His laboratory interests are in the monitoring and characterization of T cell responses in patients with cancer, and the establishment of in vitro models to facilitate the understanding of how immune modulation via abrogating and activating antibodies amplifies adaptive immunity in patients. Dr. Weber earned his Ph.D. in molecular cell biology from The Rockefeller University in 1979 and his M.D. from New York University Medical Center in 1980. Dr. Weber has published more than 100 articles in the top peer-reviewed journals in his field.

This webinar, which is part of the Cancer Research Institute’s Breakthroughs in Cancer Immunotherapy Webinar Series, was generously supported by Amgen. It is offered free to the public and feature informative updates from leaders in cancer immunotherapy, followed by a moderated Q&A. For more information on this webinar, or to register for upcoming webinars, please visit www.cancerresearch.org/webinars.
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‘Fighting Infection by Clonal Selection’ was created to commemorate the 50th anniversary of Burnet’s Clonal Selection Theory. The animation shows how clonal selection works during a bacterial infection of the throat. Frank Macfarlane Burnet was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1960 and is widely acknowledged as the founder of modern immunology.

View more biomedical animations at http://www.wehi.edu.au/wehi-tv
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Immunotherapy, an entirely new approach the employs the power of one’s own immune system, has shown to be effective in treating cancers that were fatal just five to 10 years ago. Stephen Schoenberger, PhD, co-director of the La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, discusses how tumors develop and how immunotherapy can help at a UC San Diego Health education event on Aug. 20, 2016.

For more information on cancer immunotherapy at Moores Cancer Center at UC San Diego Health, see http://health.ucsd.edu/immunotherapy
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Immunotherapy uses the body’s immune system to fight cancer. This animation explains three types of immunotherapy used to treat cancer: nonspecific immune stimulation, T-cell transfer therapy, and immune checkpoint inhibitors.

http://www.cancer.gov/immunotherapy
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